Volume 2, Issue 1
Evaluating the Effectiveness of MBSE in Space Mission Design and System Validation
Maya Tholkappian
Abstract—Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an approach that seeks to achieve the aims of systems engineering (to produce efficient and cost-effective solutions to real world issues) through the formal applications of models and simulations. As an emerging and advanced approach to project design, analysis and data validation, MBSE focuses on visualizing all the components of a complex system in a digitally compatible and cost-effective format that aids specifically in complex systems, where modelling results in an easier understanding of features and interactions between components. In recent years, there has been a significant developmental integration of MBSE applications in space exploration projects. Here we analyze the various practical applications of MBSE in space systems, effectively providing a comparative analysis of its limitations and strengths. We found that the most significant advantages to integrating MBSE in this context are early system validation, risk mitigation, improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The largest limitations are technical barriers like tool incompatibility, and organizational resistances to change. Our results demonstrate that every step forward in emerging technologies will be followed by a step back, but we are confident in the solutions and suggestions in the paper towards lessening the effect of these limitations on future progress in engineering space systems with modelling and simulation based innovations. We anticipate this review to offer extensive perspectives on the various features of model based systems’ components and tools, and to provide key insights on how MBSE can improve space research in the following years.
Keywords: Model-Based Systems Engineering, Space Systems Engineering, Risk Mitigation, Space exploration
Citation: Tholkappian, M. Evaluating the Effectiveness of MBSE in Space Mission Design and System Validation. Intl. J. Sci. Aca. Adv. 2026, 2, 1-7. https://ijsaa/org/doi/103379/2026/604851.
Read full article: https://doi.org/10.3379/2026/604851
Enzyme Engineering for Biomedical Polymer Degradation: Rational Design and Biocompatibility
Harikrishnan Karthikeyan, Priya Reddy, Snigdha Sujith, and Sophia Varilla
Abstract—Biomedical polymer waste, such as surgical plastics and non-degradable sutures, pose intensifying risks to both patient safety and environmental well-being due to their persistence and potential for hazardous biological consequences. This mini review synthesizes recent advances in enzyme engineering, synthetic microbial consortia, and biosensing technologies, which ultimately allow targeted degradation of this high-risk waste. This review further examines how synergistic enzyme combinations surpass the degradation barriers in cross-linked polymers through greater acceleration of the breakdown process. Mutualistic microbial consortia, designed for controlled polymer breakdown, and biosensors for real-time monitoring are examined. Published in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo implantation studies have confirmed the system's efficacy, demonstrating high catalytic rates and negligible cytotoxicity compared to traditional methods. Obstacles persist however including the need for extensive enzyme substrate adaptability, long-term microbial containment techniques, and advanced biosensor accessibility in diverse settings, which are identified. Progress in these engineering approaches lays the groundwork for sustainable biomedical polymer management, along with certain ramifications for secure post-surgical care, environmental remediation, and prompt drug delivery. Subsequent investigation should prioritize broadening enzyme substrate range, consolidating microbial safety circuits, and amplifying biosensor multiplexing to strengthen reliability and translation potential.
Keywords: Biomedical Polymers, Enzyme Engineering, Microbial Biodegradation, Synthetic Biology, Biosensors
Citation: Karthikeyan, H.; Reddy, P.; Sujith, S.; Varilla, S. Enzyme Engineering for Biomedical Polymer Degradation: Rational Design and Biocompatibility. Intl. J. Sci. Aca. Adv. 2026, 2, 8-16. https://ijsaa/org/doi/103379/2026/604852.
Read full article: https://doi.org/10.3379/2026/604852